You shouldn't interrupt. Yes, from an early
age, you're reminded that cutting people off when they're speaking is rude. But, let's face it -- there are times when you need to
stop someone mid-sentence. Maybe he keeps citing an incorrect fact or statistic
that you think needs to be remedied immediately. Or, perhaps you have a question about
something that was just said. Situations like these can be tricky to navigate. You
want to chime in while the moment is right. But, at the same time, you don't
want to seem inconsiderate. Fortunately, there are a few helpful tactics you can
use to interrupt someone -- without seeming like a conversational steamroller.
There are ways to Interrupt Someone (Politely):
1.
Ask for permission to jump in.
What it looks like: "Can I interrupt for a moment?"
One of the best ways to speak up when someone else is
already talking is to explicitly ask for permission to do so.
Not only is it a good way to gauge whether or not
you're making a contribution at a decent time (there's nothing worse than
making someone lose their train of thought!), but it also acknowledges the fact
that you're interrupting -- so you don't seem like you just weren't listening.
2.
Apologize for the interruption.
What it looks like: "I'm really sorry for interrupting,
but..."
Even if it's necessary, you're likely still going to
feel uncomfortable cutting someone off -- regardless of the circumstances. So,
why not apologize right off the bat?
Again, prefacing your interruption with something like
this recognizes the fact that you know that you're committing a communication
faux pas. Used sparingly (as with any of these tactics, no phrase will give you
an excuse to interrupt constantly!), it will allow you to speak up without
seeming condescending.
3. Chime in with a relevant point.
What it looks like: "While we're on that topic..."
Interruptions aren't inherently bad -- in fact,
sometimes they can make the discussion even stronger. But, when they lead a
conversation totally off track? They're bound to annoy the person who was
talking, as well as anyone else participating in that chat.
So, before chiming in, make sure that your
interruption is relevant to the point that's being discussed. If not? You're
better off waiting until that person is finished.
That way, you can be sure to contribute to the
conversation at hand -- rather than detract from it.
4.
Lay ground rules from the beginning.
What it looks like: "Would you prefer that we hold our
questions and suggestions until the end?"
Sometimes, no matter how many clever tactics or
phrases you utilize, an interruption will never be perceived as polite. When
someone is in the middle of a presentation, for example, speaking up will only
serve to make you look rude.
This is why it's so helpful to set common expectations
from the beginning. Before that person gets started, ask what he or she would
prefer.
Some people enjoy when others chime in at random moments,
as it takes some of the pressure off. But, others prefer that you hold your
contributions until the end. Make sure you're in the loop on that specific
person's wishes, and you'll be able to adjust your own approach accordingly.
In an ideal world, you'd be able to avoid ever having
to interrupt. But, sometimes it's necessary. Use one (or a combination of!)
these four tactics, and you'll be able to speak up in a way that's polite and
professional.
Organizational Structure & Decision Making
Business organizational structures came about to simplify
decision-making. The typical organization chart depicts a hierarchy of
authority starting with the chairman, CEO and other executive officers at the
top because the executive officers set the goals and direction of the company.
Supporting layers of managers under the executive level are tasked with
applying these goals to their areas of responsibility or departments, which are
arranged in order of appropriate information flow from management.
History
The concept of studying and using organizational
structure to improve on enterprise performance dates back to the late 19th
century and the writings of sociologist and engineer Max Weber, who examined
the dependence of capitalism upon bureaucracy. During the early 20th century,
companies used organizational structure to enhance performance by creating
specialization within the company and departmental authorities who managed
those specialized areas. Henry Ford developed his assembly line production
methods as a result of the then-groundbreaking theories of organizational
structure.
Function
Each specialized unit is managed by its own decision
maker, who theoretically is best able to understand the needs and problems of
that particular unit. This allows a consolidation of performance information in
the managerial level where the executive level may access only the most
pertinent information for goal and directional purposes. This filters out the
details of company operations and feeds only the results of operations up the
ladder to the executives and board of directors.
Significance
An organizational structure that divides the
operations of a company into specialized departments empowers the managers of
those departments to deal with problems and create efficiencies of process and
production that are customized to their particular departments. It also creates
a corporate management level where enterprise knowledge is developed, tested
and preserved for the future efficient operation of the department, as well as
easy accessibility by those in higher management charged with enterprise
planning.
Benefits
A filtered flow of information from the production
level of an enterprise allows executive management to focus on the goals of the
company and compare the production and administration performance with their
intended corporate direction. This assists their decision making by focusing on
intended results rather than the detailed process of individual management of
departmental operations.
Considerations
No organizational structure works unless the flow of
information works. The purpose of organizational structure is to distribute the
decisions of executive management down through administrative levels where the
managers interpret those decisions and put them into practice. It also creates
a way for managers to send feedback and performance information up the line to
assist in future executive decisions. If the line of communication in either
direction does not operate, the system breaks down.
Expressing Opinions
Below are some phrases that
you can use to help express opinions. Some of these phrases are more
appropriate for written English such as giving your opinion in an essay whereas
some can also be used in spoken English.
Personal Point of View
We use these words and phrases
to express a personal point of view:
- In
my experience…
- As
far as I'm concerned…
- Speaking
for myself…
- In
my opinion…
- Personally,
I think…
- I'd
say that…
- I'd
suggest that…
- I'd
like to point out that…
- I
believe that…
- What
I mean is…
General Point of View
We use these words and phrases
to express a point of view that is generally thought by people:
- It
is thought that...
- Some
people say that...
- It
is considered...
- It
is generally accepted that...
Agreeing with an
opinion
We use these words and phrases
to agree with someone else's point of view:
- Of
course.
- You're
absolutely right.
- Yes,
I agree.
- I
think so too.
- That's
a good point.
- Exactly.
- I
don't think so either.
- So
do I.
- I'd
go along with that.
- That's
true.
- Neither
do I.
- I
agree with you entirely.
- That's
just what I was thinking.
- I
couldn't agree more.
Disagreeing with an
opinion
We use these words and phrases
to disagree with someone else's point of view:
- That's
different.
- I
don't agree with you.
- However…
- That's
not entirely true.
- On
the contrary…
- I'm
sorry to disagree with you, but…
- Yes,
but don't you think…
- That's
not the same thing at all.
- I'm
afraid I have to disagree.
- I'm
not so sure about that.
- I
must take issue with you on that.
- It's
unjustifiable to say that...
http://smallbusiness.chron.com/organizational-structure-decision-making-3825.html
http://www.vocabulary.cl/Lists/Opinions.htm
images are taken from Google.
Tidak ada komentar:
Posting Komentar